vineyards and wine making mr C reemelin has written a serles series erie oe of very excell excellent ent ept articles on vineyards and wine making malang for the ohio farmer th the e third in the ser set serles series ies les Is upon the preparation odthe of the ground round and we copy it fr the he benefit of those interested ex this matter embraces fhe ahe foundation of the whole subject of vineyards and herein nearly every vinyard vineyard yet vet planted in a america amenea 1 is is defective labor is so extremely high as to make it seem toua almost impossible to start a vineyard as it Allo atlo should idd be i our very best vineyards ara aro faded up but two feet white in iry many parts of etl Eti europe rope nope they spade up the ground to fhe depth of df three and foar and evea even five feel denever we never prepare prepa rethe the ground it I 1 self during the preceding year while in europe I 1 U t I 1 is tended in cloyer clover with good coatings of gypsum and man manure tire we trust to the virgin richness ric rit briess of our soil and in our oun confidence are apt to forget I 1 that spading spoiling tit up the ground for several feet esdone is done for other raso reasons ns besides mere fertilizing ant and that i among these there for us its espee especially t bally must be a sinking I 1 I 1 of the present surface soil which being full of dP cOmposed decomposed ve vegetable t retable matter is is the hot bed of all ail al manner of insects below its sub subsoil soil the spading up and curnin turning of the stir surface face soil beneath J its present subsoil is of chief importance 1 also alo aio because thereby the foot roots may pene I 1 i irate frate downwardly and thus give rive to the whole 1 i grape vine vine nt riot only its ils vigor but also its great safe nard against too sidden s atmospheric ci changes langes or long iong continued d droutha drout ron rou hs and I 1 may in connection with this his here bere remark upon an erro erroneous I 1 suggestion which I 1 have noticed in some 0 agrical tural jour joun journals nali they suggest a longer stenn stem stern II 11 I 1 do not think f hat that the stem sh be much longer than twenty inches niches but think it of the girt firt importance that the toot foot foot roots should pe pene deeply the ground intended for a vineyard should be well mounted the previous year either by byu byi n coat ing in of lime where that kind of ma it proper or by gypsum gyp suni where it can he be had bad or by plowing under some green sward such a as clove 1 or at least by a good and thorough coat of 0 manure straw or even leaves of tale bie ground thus prepared the surface sh should olied for the depth of 12 inches at least be sunk beneath 12 inches of soil immediately underneath der neath this is best done it the ground be loamy with the spade or if stony with the mattock for this purpose a trench is first dug four feet wide anil anti to the depth to which the vineyard vinyard man is is c coin eoin boing to spade up ml ard trench his vineyard into this first trench say four feet wide and and two feet dep doen den and as long a as s the vineyard may maybe be 8 say ay feet is I 1 then ben thrown 12 inches of the surface f a ce soil using the he very best steel spades and by dri driving ins ing the spade into the ground as near pear perpendicular as possible and not sl slanting antim it as lazy laborers are apt to do for thus alone can this top soil be spaded to the depth of at least 12 inches the loose ioos soil which is left in the he trenches having crumbled from the he spade must llen ilen lien then be carefully scraped into the first trench and then the 12 inches of subsoil must acain azain be similarly spaded up and thrown upon the iha previously spaded up surface soll soil oi and the tile loose soil left in the bottom must also again azain be carefully shoveled up and thrown upon the other ground thus trench of affer after ten ter trench will be reg rew regularly ularie formed un til the whole allotted piece is finis finished hed bed let the reader bear in mind as the sine qua non of h 1 good vi nevard vineyard that it is nt na a mixture of the surface with the he subsoil soil soll hat that I 1 is is wanted but that the subsoil cover for 12 inches at least the he original surface soil and the deeper this is done always in reason lle ile lie lite better it is far better to have asdall good vineyard than a large poor one on P the ground thus spaded up should be permitted to settle fettle well before the vines are planted one bot lot two good rains rains will g generally accomplish twist hi ithe the het method is however to trench m in the fall fail and plant in the he spring there are other oher me methods thed thod of preparing the ground one is to make large hole holet throwing the surface soil underneath and planting tb the e ving vine vines vides s tb therein prein deep plowing and subsoil sub soiling inc inz is also frequently adopted I 1 have ried died tried all these methods the t first zt vi vineyard iney artt artl I 1 sef ret se out by merely diming hoes J an another til ill r by plowing some 16 inches deep with a larce larse four yoke of oxen androl and followed with willi a s subsoil plow drawn by a pair of borses horse and arid another by trenching drenching tren ching as above suggested 30 inches deep AS to results I 1 can only say that the first planted vineyard is now being dug up because beca use it is always liable to every disease which happens to prevail jn in the lite season having hardly yielded a fair far compensation for belabor expended the sub soiled vineyard does better but I 1 have no hopes of ot its la lating lasting ting more than 20 years while a well trenched vineyard with puch ruch virgin soil as we hav have up america should and doubtless would i last if otherwise properly managed 80 to years I 1 shall shail hereafter trench any vineyards I 1 may plant at least 36 inches I 1 am informed that there is now being constructed ted in in cincinnati a large plow to be adawn drawn by 6 yoke of oxen and warranted to plow the ground 28 inches deep I 1 have not seen this latest improvement and can only say that unless this plow does leave a clean dean furrow at least 12 inches wide of the depth it will not answer the large plows I 1 have seen do not do this they break the ground up mix it somewhat but do ao not turn the top soil under this for reasons already stated is not enough it is hardly necessary for me to say that the procedure must be varied with the ground grousd some soils brichto rich to filhe though thought 1 1 I should fear feal such soll soil for vineyards are very arki arid must bi ba wor worked heu ked with the mattock and grubbing hue good hood seri ena ene 6 will an fn ei each cae case dictate the regular mode if we will but tit lit bear ird iri mind the great point in a vineyard bew thir this th ai iq i to get set the surf surface ace soil beneath the subsoil so as to afford from the very start of the vine to the 11 roots 31 at the foot foot fool of the vine an easy erst healthy anti and steady downward growth tit they y are the ilfe life of the vine vire and their continued health is mot import important Atit if they are but thrifty then we need not fear tear but what the side anti and dew roots toots will always grow and prosper in due time and in proper mahner in vineyards alone alonz side hills it is well to use the lite stones generally found therein for the purpose of erecting walls to prevent washing thee walls walla have their foun foon foundation lation deep en enouch enough i sh rt as a to lo be out of the reach of heavy winter f they hould should be so s y laid up 0 o as I 1 fobear 0 bear properly to land such walls walla are not only useful but th they 1 are an oi to tile the viney vineyard aid and the general I nd cape if properly laid up bey they hey last ns is bonx ion lon as the he vi nevard vineyard where W here bere stones are lacking irmay be ne cesary to mise raise bank banks s by them with green preen sward they are not as cool gool good as stone walls since the green sward swand is apt to subject the he nei nef neighboring vines to frost but the ground must be protected from washing event evert at thi this risk I 1 take it for granted however that there thre are very few side hills bills indeed where by trenching drenching tren ching d deep beep enough there will not be the required quantity of stones f have thus thiis indicated file the general rules by which we mui mut roust be guided in the preparation of the ground in each special cae cate and anti I 1 must now only add that it is a great but frequent error to suppose that throwing wim wlm old logi brushwood ors or sones fones underneath promotes the growth of vines they may not hinder them if well packed with ground but great care should be had not to leave vacuities as ate are sure to impart import to the foot roots an unhealthy state vines should always be planted after tile the ground Js is well settled