Show 4 TILE YOUR LAND AND rn INCREASE YOUR CROPS I Ten of the Most Imporfmil DciicfltG Derived irom Drainage By Elmer O Flppln New York HccaitHo of the fundamental character char-acter of the process of drainage Its IlTiMtn are numerouH and far reaching Ten of the most Important I ones may ho given as follows L 1 Drainage reiiioves the excess of water from the surface and from the pores in the soil thereby tendering It more IIfin Prorydrained soil hnn tho twofold IH d j mime of hick of stability and It rut net and Hrwii susceptibility I I I I to physical I I modifications I 1 livlurlous I to I most farm crops fitich Injury I may he caused by any tillage operations by tramping I and by the natural drying of t the soil z Drainage Is directly operative to change an unfavorable physical condition con-dition Into it desirable de-sirable one as jz well as to reduce Correct Form of Ihu tendency to a Union of Two had physical eon Lines of Tile liltOil of tilts 11011 It t may bring 1 iihout the t change from a puddled I to t n granular granu-lar soil Such physical changes are 3 most pronounced In flue toitured poll Tho I change la I i ii Oti I iced primarily l by the I I alternate wetting and drying l to which welldrained l I I soil I Is subject Poorly drained soil is usually in a I had physical condition I I It IH compact t and Impervious It is well known I that the tilth of a soli rapidly Improves I I proves as a result of drainage 1 Contrary to a frequent belief drainage Increases tho amount of moisture available to crops This Is tho result uf two factors Tlrat when the soil Is granulated to the condition I 4 of good tilth the total capillary ca I paolty 1 Is Increased The soil Is then able to t both readily I I absorb tho rainfall I and to retain a larger 1 proportion of It limn I would I otherwise bo Jios y tdble against the tVmc of dry wcatht < er I Second tho I u jl t wider and deeper d1I t distribution I of thofyv I il plant roots III drnl11 Ihnll In Shows use of wel 11011 llIls th1II cord to form a I In reach of a much I smooth curve In larger reservoir of lateral with main i moisture This of ditch feet Is well known t F to those who have had experience In tile draining 4 Drainage promotes the aeration of the soil that Is the exchange between be-tween the soil air and the external nit A supply of oxygen Is necessary to the proper growth of tho living organisms or-ganisms In the Holl Such a nupply Is I largely If not entirely excluded fiom a salitrafcd Boll Tho removal of Ito water makes 1 place for air and j he granulation or loosenlngup process pro-cess which occurs j A method of facilitates tho Joining lateral to movement of tho the main line of nit Into and out of tile the soil The supply sup-ply of air increases 11 increas-es tho food available by Us direct action ac-tion on tho mI lit1 rain In the soil and tr by promoting the growth Of desirable bacteria It also hinders or prevents the growth at many undesirable bacteria bac-teria C Drainage permits tho soil to maintain n higher average temperature tempera-ture t than Is possible on wet soil I Parkcs found In the peat bogs in Lancashire Lan-cashire England that at a depth of seven inches the drained soil was 7 7 35 ° warmer than f l r the u ml nil nod soil i and at a depth of r 1 Inches the rz J i drained soil was l r still 170 warmer I r John Johnston t Itlff 1 wrote In 1853 4h I Such fields tin Another method I drained must gen of connecting a erally be left late lateral with the In tho spring per main line of tile haps too late to 3 work favorably and in the autumn the frost will Inflict nn injury These observations emphasize one other very Important effect of drainage drain-age In this connection It lengthens the growing season by permitting tho land to be cultivated and seeded earlier ear-lier In the spring and by keeping up the temperature In the fall In the southern part of tho state on the high hills where it is difficult to mature corn even In the favorable seasons It may bo readily seen how Important t to the farmer this extension of the growing season In many cases the = difference Is that t l Iff between n successful success-ful crop and a failure c I fail-ure G Drainage Increases In-creases the available t avail-able food supply I In the soil This results re-sults frTn the effect w feet of dralinge on I The most com time molstuie re I mon method of tnlnlng capacity I joining a lateral the tempoaturo to main line of tho aeration and tile tbo growth of soil bnmrla TIm admission ad-mission of air acts direolly on the minerals na an oxidizing agent thereby there-by rendering sOme of them mpra iolu hie Tho Increased temperature In reuses thosoluilon procositiji atid juth the ueiatlon and higher t am porn turn promote the larger growth ol soil I bacteria which are vitally l I related to t the plant food supply 7 Drainage enables en-ables the plant to Z make t a better uso ftjtJl1f of the food and 1 rf1f moisture supply In I fy1fitjf Ito soil The roots f 4 I of most farm I J f I rr crops will not develop J de-velop Into a Halm I A neglected out I tiled soil If he let In bad condl water table Is at tlon as a result of I or near the stir caving In of bank < I f II C p the roo ts I Probably acceler I spread out I later ated by trampUg ally Instead of pen of stock etratlng 1 deeply 8 Drainage greatly reduces the Injury In-jury to winter crops resulting from ° heaving or the fieezlng of large amounts of water In lie soil This process raises till upper layers of toll I carrying all I shallow rooted plants with It and If some of their roots I happen l to be fastened In the subsoil these I may be I broken off Such effects are most noticeable on taprooted I I I I The Result of Poor Drainage In a Peach Orchard Many Trees Missing plants Hitch as the clovers but It Is almost as Injurious to the grass and grain crops Nor Is the Injury of heaving conflned to small plants It extends to trees and oven to fence posts the latter being lifted out of the soil by l successive freezes 9 Drainage reduces or prevents ero slon Erosion Is tho I washing of tho soil lit time drainage water flows down the slope A saturated soil Is In tho right condition for erosion to bo most serious On the other hand thorough drainage permits part of this excess to be drawn off beneath tin surfaco In channels pro hled for It and i4 which are rot sub I < jpSt to slllh Injury 6 In-jury Further ont on-t t clay soil where the > > 11 Injury Is liable to A drowned bo the result of outlet due to level the water flowing of water being away because It higher than mouth cannot readily I I of the tile drain penetrate the Sill An undes I r a b I e face soil this ef condition feet is reduced by tho changes In the physical condition of the soil resulting from drainage as mentioned above so that much more of tho rainfall Is absorbed and thereby there-by retained for the use of plants 10 Drainage Increases the yield of crops This Is of course tho obvious purpose of drainage as applied to agriculture ag-riculture It Is one of tho two fundamental funda-mental purposes of drainage tho other oth-er being Increased healthfulncss The Increase varies with the original con dltlon of tho land On acknowledged swamp land such as Is Included In the first group of drainage conditions the difference Is that between no crop J iOtt 1 cI Hand Implements Used in Constructing Construct-ing Tile Drains 1 Orade line i Pick t Lnnshamllnl shovel 4 nmt 7 flouting xcooim 5 Narrow Nar-row Hjiadc 6 Tile lifter S Grade stakes at all and a large crop For It must bo kept In mind III connection with wet land that Its productiveness after drainage Is as a rule directly proportional pro-portional to Its wetness before drainage drain-age So that the drained swamps nro usually the most productive soils for many kinds of crops And very often these are special crops of large market mar-ket value I such as celery onions cabbage cab-bage and somu other truck crops not to mention many general farm crops |